Ketone Enol Halogenation Acid

Ketone α-Halogenation via Enols (Cl₂/Br₂/I₂, acid)

Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed α-Halogenation via Enols (X = Cl, Br, I)

Under acidic conditions, ketones monohalogenate at the α-position via their enol. Protonation primes the carbonyl for keto–enol tautomerism, the enol π bond attacks X₂ (Cl₂, Br₂, or I₂), and the carbonyl reforms while the oxonium is deprotonated to give the α-halo ketone. Acid favors the thermodynamic enol, so halogenation appears at the more substituted or resonance-stabilized α-site, and the reaction normally stops after one substitution (contrast with basic poly-halogenation).

Quick Summary

  • Reagents/conditions: Cl₂, Br₂, or I₂ with catalytic acid (H₃O⁺, AcOH/HCl, TFA). Solvents: AcOH, MeOH, or CH₂Cl₂ containing trace acid at 0–25 °C.
  • Outcome: Ketone → α-halo ketone (mono-halogenation). HX is the co-product.
  • Mechanism: Acid-catalyzed keto–enol tautomerization followed by electrophilic halogenation of the enol (closed-shell; no radicals).
  • Regioselectivity: Acid selects the thermodynamic enol; halogenation occurs at that α-carbon.
  • Stereochemistry: New α-stereocenters form racemically; existing α-stereocenters can racemize through enolization.
  • Reactivity trend: Cl₂ ≳ Br₂ » I₂ (iodination is sluggish/reversible; often aided by an oxidant that consumes I⁻).

Mechanism (6 Frames)


Step 1: acid protonates the carbonyl oxygen to give an oxonium.
**Step 1 – Protonate the carbonyl:** Acid delivers a proton to the carbonyl oxygen, priming the ketone for enolization.
Step 2: water removes the alpha proton to form the planar enol.
**Step 2 – α-Deprotonation → enol:** Solvent (or A⁻) removes the α-hydrogen to give the thermodynamic, planar enol.
Step 3: the enol attacks X2 and installs the alpha-halogen.
**Step 3 – Electrophilic halogenation:** The enol π bond attacks X₂; X⁻ departs and the α–X bond forms.
Step 4: the oxygen lone pair collapses to re-form the carbonyl.
**Step 4 – Oxonium collapse:** The C=O is drawn as a single bond with a cationic carbon to emphasize the oxonium-like intermediate prior to deprotonation.
Step 5: halide removes the oxonium proton.
**Step 5 – Halide deprotonates:** X⁻ removes the oxonium proton, delivering the neutral α-halo ketone and HX.
Step 6: summary frame showing the α-halo ketone and HX.
**Step 6 – Product frame:** Acid is regenerated; the α-halo ketone and HX remain.

Worked Examples


2-Butanone → 2-Bromo-2-butanone (Br₂/H⁺)

2-butanone reactant + Br₂/H⁺ reagent icon → 2-bromo-2-butanone product

2-Butanone showcases the two different α positions (methyl vs. methylene); under Br₂/H⁺ the more substituted enol wins, giving racemic 2-bromo-2-butanone.

Cyclohexanone → 2-Chlorocyclohexanone (Cl₂/H⁺)

Cyclohexanone reactant + Cl₂/H⁺ reagent icon → 2-chlorocyclohexanone product

Planar enolization erases the α-stereocenter; chlorination yields 2-chlorocyclohexanone (cis/trans mix on workup).

Acetophenone → 2-Iodoacetophenone (I₂/H⁺)

Acetophenone reactant + I₂/H⁺ reagent icon → 2-iodoacetophenone product

Benzylic enolization is fast; iodination often needs an oxidant (HIO₃/HNO₃) to consume I⁻ and push conversion.

Scope & Limitations

  • Requires α-H: Without an α-hydrogen (e.g., benzophenone) no enol forms, so no halogenation occurs.
  • Thermodynamic control: Acid chooses the more substituted/benzylic/allylic enol; dicarbonyls halogenate at the most acidic site.
  • Halogen choice: Cl₂ and Br₂ react readily. I₂ is sluggish/reversible; plan for an oxidant or accept partial conversion.
  • Functional group tolerance: Acid-labile protecting groups (acetals) can hydrolyze; mild AcOH/HCl conditions are common.
  • Poly-halogenation: Suppressed under acid. For exhaustive halogenation or haloform, use basic conditions instead.

Practical Tips

  • Shield from bright light to avoid radical halogenation pathways.
  • Use acetic acid or aqueous mineral acid to manage enolization and solubility.
  • For iodination, include an oxidant (HIO₃, HNO₃) or stronger acid to consume I⁻.
  • Quench with NaHCO₃ then Na₂S₂O₃ to remove residual acid/halogen.
  • Expect racemization at pre-existing α-stereocenters through enolization.

Exam-Style Summary

Ketone + X₂/H⁺ → α-halo ketone via the enol. Sequence: (1) protonate the carbonyl → (2) remove the α-H to make the thermodynamic enol → (3) enol π bond attacks X₂ → (4) the carbonyl reforms, retaining the oxonium proton → (5) halide/base removes that proton → (6) product + HX remain while acid is regenerated. Acidic conditions favor mono-halogenation at the thermodynamic enol site; basic media are required for poly-halogenation/haloform. Watch for sluggish iodination and α-racemization.

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