Aldehydes and Ketones
- Aldehyde → Carboxylic Acid with Chromate (Cr(VI))
- Aldehyde → Carboxylic Acid with Silver (Ag₂O/H₂O)
- Carbonyl Additions: Cyanohydrin Formation (HCN, NaCN/HCl, TMSCN)
- Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation (mCPBA, RCO₃H): Carbonyl → Ester/Lactone or Acid
- Aldehyde/Ketone → Alcohol with Grignard (RMgBr, then H₃O⁺)
- Carbonyl Reductions: LiAlH4 then H3O+ (Aldehydes/Ketones -> Alcohols)
- Carbonyl Reductions: NaBH4/MeOH (Aldehydes/Ketones -> Alcohols)
- Aldehyde Reactions: Geminal Diol Formation from Aldehyde, Ketone using H2O
- Wolff-Kishner Reduction: Hydrazone Formation and Base/Heat Deoxygenation
- Oxime Formation + Beckmann Rearrangement (NH₂OH/H⁺ then H₂SO₄)
- Carbonyl + Amine Condensation → Imine or Enamine (RNH₂ vs R₂NH)
- Gilman (R₂CuLi) 1,4-Addition to α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyls
- Carbonyl → Acetals/Thioacetals (ROH, RSH, Diols, Dithiols)
- Wittig Reaction — Ph₃P Ylide → Alkene (Wittig Olefination)
- Aldehyde/Ketone → Alcohol with H₂ over Pd, Pt, or Ni
- Carbonyl Reactions: Keto–Enol Tautomerization with H₃O⁺
- Ketone α-Halogenation via Enols (Cl₂/Br₂/I₂, acid)
- Ketone α-Halogenation under Base (NaOH → X₂)
- Ketone α-Alkylation with Strong Base (Enolate SN2)
- Haloform Reaction: Carboxylic Acid Formation from Methyl Ketones (X₂/NaOH; then H₃O⁺)